Tata Bahaso Inggris

Tata bahaso Inggris adolah sabuah aturan nan manggambarkan struktur ungkapan dalam bahaso Inggris, tamasuak di dalamnyo mamuek struktur kato, frasa, klausa, jo kalimaik. Ado babarapo variasi takaik sijarah, sosial, budaya jo daerah bahaso Inggris. Divergensi dari tata bahaso nan dijalehan di siko tajadi di babarapo dialek dalam bahaso Inggris. Artikel iko manjalehan sacaro umum tentang bahaso Inggris standar, sarupo ucapan nan ado di wacana publik, contohnyo: siaran televisi, pandidikan, hiburan, pamarintahan, jo laporan berita, tamasuak juo di siko: pidato baiak formal maupun informal. Ado pabedaan tatantu dalam tata bahaso antaro bantuak standar British English, American English jo Australian English, meskipun iko indak mancolok dibandingkan jo pabedaan leksikal jo pangucapan.^[1]

Pangartian noun adolah kato benda, nan digunon untuak manjalehan deskripsi tentang urang, tampaek, benda, sarato babarapo hal nan dibendakan.^[2]

Determiner adolah kato, frasa, atau imbuahan nan muncua basamoan jo noun atau noun phrase, sarato bafungsi sabagai rujuakan dari noun/noun phrase tasabuik sasuai konteksnyo.^[3]

Contoh:

• The girl is a student.
• I've lost my keys.
• Some folks get all the luck.
• Which book is that?
• I only had thirty-seven drinks.
• I'll take this one.
• Both windows were open.

Kato nan dicetak tebal marupoan panjaleh dari noun (dicetak miriang) sasuai konteksnyo

Tense adolah maso atau wakatu nan dalam bahaso Inggris tabagi manjadi tigo, yaitu

Tense adalah masa atau waktu yang dalam bahasa Inggris terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu

Present tense adolah jinih kalimaik baiak lisan maupun tulisan nan digunoan untuak manyatoan suatu kajadian atau paristiwa nan tajadi dengan latar wakatu pado maso kini.^[4]

Past tense adolah jinih kalimaik baiak lisan maupun tulisan nan digunoan untuak manyatoan suatu kajadian atau paristiwa nan tajadi dengan latar wakatu pado maso lalu.

Future tense adolah jinih kalimaik baiak lisan maupun tulisan nan digunoan untuak manyatoan suatu kajadian atau paristiwa nan tajadi dengan latar wakatu pado maso nan kandatang.

Verb adolah jinih kalimat karajo atau dimano si subjek malakukan sasuatu tindakan atau kagiatan.^[5]

Auxiliary verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk membantu kata kerja utama dan untuk menjelaskan aspek ataupun kala dari suatu kalimat.

Contoh:

• I will help you.
• She can read the code well.
• John has looked for Sarah's necklace.

Kato nan dicetak taba adolah auxiliary verb nan bafungsi manjalehan kato karajo utamo nan ado sasudahnyo.

Contoh-contohnyo:

• a-: for abide, arise, awake, lihat bide, rise, wake
• be (am, is, are) – was, were – been
• be-: for befall, beset, etc. see fall, set, etc.
• bear – bore – borne
• beat – beat – beaten
• become – became – become
• beget – begot – begot(ten)
• begin – began – begun
• bend – bent – bent
• bet – bet – bet [past tense jo participle kadang kala betted]
• beware – beware
• bid – bid – bid [as in an auction]
• bid – bade/bid – bidden/bid [meaning "request"]
• bide – bided/bode – bided/bidden [but abide mostly uses the regular forms only]
• bind – bound – bound
• bite – bit – bitten
• bleed – bled – bled
• blow – blew – blown
• break – broke – broken
• breed – bred – bred
• bring – brought – brought
• build – built – built
• burn – burnt/burned – burnt/burned
• burst – burst – burst
• buy – bought – bought
• can – could [defective; see anomalous cases above]
• cast – cast – cast [prefixed forms broadcast, forecast, etc. sometimes take -ed^[6]]
• catch – caught – caught
• choose – chose – chosen
• clad – clad/cladded – clad/cladded [clad is also sometimes used as past form of clothe]
• cleave – clove/cleft – cloven/cleft [but regular when meaning "adhere"]
• cling – clung – clung
• come – came – come
• cost – cost – cost [but regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"]
• creep – crept/creeped – crept/creeped
• crow – crowed/crew – crowed [crew normally used only of a cock's crowing]
• cut – cut – cut
• dare – regular except for possible third person singular present dare (see anomalous cases above)
• deal – dealt – dealt
• dig – dug – dug
• dive – dived/dove – dived [the form dove is chiefly American]
• do (does /dʌz/) – did – done
• drag – dragged/drug – dragged/drug [the form drug is chiefly dialectal]
• draw – drew – drawn
• dream – dreamed/dreamt – dreamed/dreamt
• drink – drank – drunk
• drive – drove – driven
• dwell – dwelt/dwelled – dwelt/dwelled
• eat – ate – eaten
• fall – fell – fallen
• feed – fed – fed
• feel – felt – felt
• fight – fought – fought
• find – found – found
• fit – fit/fitted – fit/fitted
• flee – fled – fled
• fling – flung – flung
• fly – flew – flown
• for(e)-: for forgo, foresee, etc. see go, see, etc.
• forbid – forbade/forbid – forbidden
• forget – forgot – forgotten
• forsake – forsook – forsaken
• freeze – froze – frozen
• get – got – gotten/got [past participle got in British English, gotten in American, but see have got]
• gild – gilded/gilt – gilded/gilt
• give – gave – given
• go – went – gone [see also have been]
• grind – ground – ground
• grow – grew – grown
• hang – hung/hanged – hung/hanged [the form hanged is more common in the sense of execution by hanging]
• have (has) – had – had
• hear – heard – heard
• hew – hewed – hewn/hewed
• hide – hid – hidden
• hit – hit – hit
• hoist – hoist/hoisted – hoist/hoisted
• hold – held – held
• hurt – hurt – hurt
• in-: for inlay, input, etc. see lay, put, etc.
• inter-: for interlay, interweave, etc. see lay, weave, etc.
• keep – kept – kept
• kneel – knelt/kneeled – knelt/kneeled
• knit – knit/knitted – knit/knitted
• know – knew – known
• lay – laid – laid
• lead – led – led
• lean – leaned/leant – leaned/leant
• leap – leaped/leapt – leaped/leapt
• learn – learned/learnt – learned/learnt
• leave – left – left
• lend – lent – lent
• let – let – let
• lie – lay – lain [but regular when meaning "tell an untruth"]
• light – lit/lighted – lit/lighted
• lose – lost – lost
• make – made – made
• may – might [defective; see anomalous cases above]
• mean – meant – meant
• meet – met – met
• mis-: for misspeak, mistake, etc. see speak, take, etc.
• mow – mowed – mowed/mown
• must – defective [see anomalous cases above]
• need – regular except for possible third person singular present need (see anomalous cases above)
• off-: for offset see set, etc.
• ought – defective [see anomalous cases above]
• out-: for outbid, output, etc. see bid, put, etc.
• over-: for overbid, overdo, etc. see bid, do, etc.
• pay – paid – paid [but sometimes spelt regularly when meaning "let out" (rope etc.)]
• plead – pleaded/pled – pleaded/pled
• pre-: for prepay, preset, etc. see pay, set, etc.
• prove – proved – proved/proven
• put – put – put
• quit – quit – quit
• re-: for redo, remake, etc. see do, make, etc.
• read /riːd/ – read /rɛd/ – read /rɛd/
• rend – rent – rent
• rid – rid/ridded – rid/ridded/ridden
• ride – rode – ridden
• ring – rang – rung
• rise – rose – risen
• run – ran – run
• saw – sawed – sawn/sawed
• say (says /sɛz/) – said – said
• see – saw – seen
• seek – sought – sought
• sell – sold – sold
• send – sent – sent
• set – set – set
• sew – sewed – sewn/sewed
• shake – shook – shaken
• shall – should [defective; see anomalous cases above]
• shear – sheared/shore – shorn/sheared
• shed – shed – shed
• shine – shone/shined – shone/shined
• shit – shat/shit/shitted – shat/shit/shitted
• shoe – shoed/shod – shoed/shod
• shoot – shot – shot
• show – showed – shown/showed
• shrink – shrank/shrunk – shrunk
• shut – shut – shut
• sing – sang – sung
• sink – sank – sunk
• sit – sat – sat
• slay – slew/slayed – slain/slayed
• sleep – slept – slept
• slide – slid – slid
• sling – slung – slung
• slink – slunk – slunk
• slit – slit – slit
• smell – smelled/smelt – smelled/smelt
• smite – smote – smitten
• sneak – sneaked/snuck – sneaked/snuck [snuck is chiefly American, and it is regarded as informal]
• sow – sowed – sown/sowed
• speak – spoke – spoken
• speed – sped/speeded – sped/speeded
• spell – spelled/spelt – spelled/spelt
• spend – spent – spent
• spill – spilled/spilt – spilled/spilt
• spin – spun – spun
• spit – spat/spit – spat/spit [the form spit rather than spat is common in America]
• split – split – split
• spoil – spoiled/spoilt – spoiled/spoilt
• spread – spread – spread
• spring – sprang/sprung – sprung
• stand – stood – stood
• stave – staved/stove – staved/stove
• steal – stole – stolen
• stick – stuck – stuck
• sting – stung – stung
• stink – stank – stunk
• strew – strewed – strewn/strewed
• stride – strode – stridden/strode
• strike – struck – struck
• string – strung – strung
• strive – strove/strived – striven/strived
• swear – swore – sworn
• sweat – sweated/sweat – sweated/sweat
• sweep – swept – swept
• swell – swelled – swollen/swelled
• swim – swam – swum
• swing – swung – swung
• take – took – taken
• teach – taught – taught
• tear – tore – torn
• tell – told – told
• think – thought – thought
• throw – threw – thrown
• thrust – thrust/thrusted – thrust/thrusted
• tread – trod – trodden/trod
• un-: for unbend, unweave, etc. see bend, weave, etc.
• under-: for underlie, undergo, understand, etc. see lie, go, stand, etc.
• up-: for upset see set, etc.
• wake – woke – woken
• wear – wore – worn
• weave – wove – woven
• wed – wed/wedded – wed/wedded
• weep – wept – wept
• wet – wet/wetted – wet/wetted
• will – would [defective; see anomalous cases above]
• win – won – won
• wind – wound – wound [but regular in the meanings connected with air and breath]
• with-: for withdraw, withhold, withstand, see draw,old, stand
• wring – wrang/wrung – wrung
• write – wrote – written

Article adolah sabuah kato (baiak awalan ataupun akhiran) nan digunoan basamo noun untuak manunjuakkan jinih noun tasabuik.

Article dalam bahaso Inggris yaitu: the jo a/an.

Contoh:

The children know the fastest way hom

(Indonesia) Anak-anak itu mengetahui cara tercepat pulang ke rumah.

Kalimaik di ateh marujuak ka "Anak-anak" nan "Tatantu" (yaitu: anak-anak itu) jo "Cara" nan "Tertentu" (yaitu: cara tercepat):

Children know the fastest way home.

(Indonesia) Anak-anak mengetahui cara tercepat pulang ke rumah.

Kalimaik di ateh marujuak ka "Anak-anak" nan "umum"

Give me the book.

(Indonesia) Berikan padaku buku itu

Kalimaik di ateh demikian pulo, yaitu marujuak kapado "Buku" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: buku itu)

Give me a boo

(Indonesia) Berikan padaku sebuah buku

Kalimaik di ateh marujuak kapado "Buku" nan sifatnyo "umum"..