Fula people

De Fula, Fulani, anaa Fulɓe people be ethnic group insyd Sahara, Sahel den West Africa, dem widely disperse across de region.^[1] Dem dey inhabit chaw countries, dem dey live mainly insyd West Africa den northern parts of Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur, den regions near de Red Sea coast insyd Sudan. De approximate number of Fula people be unknown, due to clashing definitions wey dey regard Fula ethnicity. Various estimates dey put de figure between 25^[2]^[3] den 40 million people worldwide.^[4]

Significant proportion of de Fula–third, anaa dem estimate 7 to 10 million^[5]–be pastoralists, wey dema ethnic group get de largest nomadic pastoral community for de world insyd.^[6]^[7] De majority of de Fula ethnic group consist of semi-sedentary people,^[7] as well as sedentary settled farmers, scholars, artisans, merchants, den nobility.^[8]^[9] As ethnic group, dem bound dem togeda by de Fula language, dema history^[10]^[11]^[12] den dema culture. De Fula be almost completely Muslims though tiny majority be Christians anaa even animists.^[13]^[14]

Chaw West African leaders be of Fulani descent, wey dey include de former Presido of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari; de first presido of Cameroon Ahmadou Ahidjo; de former Presido of Senegal, Macky Sall; de Presido of Gambia, Adama Barrow; de Presido of Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embaló; de Vice Pee of Sierra Leone, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; de Prime Minister of Mali, Boubou Cisse den de Wifey of Vice Pee of Ghana Samira Bawumia. Dem sanso dey occupy positions for major international institutions insyd, such as de Deputy Secretary-General of de United Nations, Amina J. Mohammed; de 74th Presido of de United Nations General Assembly, Tijjani Muhammad-Bande; den de Secretary-General of OPEC, Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.

Geographic distribution

Main Fulani sub-groups, national den subnational locations, cluster group den dialectal variety
Fulbe Adamawa 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤢	Nigeria: Adamawa State, Taraba State, Borno State, Yobe State Cameroon: Adamaoua Region, Northern Region, Far North Region, Centre Region Chad: Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region, Logone Oriental, Logone Occidental Etc. Central African Republic: Nana-Mambéré, Ouham-Pendé, Mambéré-Kadéï Sudan	Fulfulde Adamawa (Fombinaare)	Eastern
Fulbe Bagirmi 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤢𞤺𞤭𞤪𞤥𞤭	Central African Republic Chad: Chari Bagirmi Region, Mandoul Region, Moyen Chari	Fulfulde Adamawa (Fombinaare)
Fulbe Sokoto 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤅𞤮𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤮	Nigeria: Sokoto State, Kebbi State, Katsina State, Kano State, Zamfara State, Jigawa State, Niger State, Kwara State Niger: Tahoua Region, Maradi Region, Dosso Region, Zinder Region	Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare)
Fulbe Gombe 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤘𞤮𞤲'𞤦𞤫	Nigeria: Gombe State, Bauchi State, Yobe State, Borno State, Plateau State	Fulfulde Woylaare-Fombinaare transitional
Fulbe Mbororo 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤐'𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤮𞤪𞤮	Nigeria: All across de northern, central den sam southern states of de country as transient herders Cameroon: All over de country for 9 of de country ein 10 regions/provinces insyd as transient herders Chad: All across southern den central Chad as herders Central African Republic: Ubiquitous across de countryside Niger: All across de country south of de Sahara as herders den nomads. Note say de Woɗaaɓe be dema bodies even smaller subgroup of de Mbororo'en. Thus: All Woɗaaɓe be Bororos, buh no be every Bororo be Boɗaaɗo (Woɗaaɓe person) Sudan	Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare) & Adamawa (Fombinaare)
Fulbe Borgu 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤺𞤵	Nigeria: Niger State, Kebbi State, Kwara State Benin: Borgou, Atakora, Alibori, Donga Togo: Savanes Region, Kara Region, Centrale Region	Fulfulde Borgu & Jelgoore	Central
Fulbe Jelgooji 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤔𞤫𞤤𞤺𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤭	Mali Niger: Tillabéri Region, Dosso Region Burkina Faso: Sahel Region, Est Region, Centre-Nord Region, All across de country, most especially insyd de countryside	Fulfulde Jelgoore & (Massinakoore)
Fulbe Massina 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞥆𞤭𞤲𞤢	Mali: Mopti Region, Gao Region, Segou Region, All over De country Ivory Coast: Mostly dem concentrate insyd de Northern regions Ghana: insyd de northern den central regions	Fulfulde Massinakoore
Fulbe Nioro 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤻𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮	Mali: Kayes Region, Koulikoro Region Senegal: Tambacounda Region Mauritania: Assaba Region	Pulaar – Fulfulde Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitional	Western
Fulbe Futa Jallon 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅	Guinea: Labé Region, Mamou Region, Boké Region, Kindia Region, Faranah Region, Conakry, All across de country as traders den merchants Guinea Bissau: Gabu Region, Tombali Region, Bafatá Region Sierra Leone: North-West, Northern Province, Western Area, All across de country ein major urban centres as trading population Mali: Extreme southwest of country insyd de Kéniéba Cercle	Pular Fuuta Jallon
Fulbe Futa Tooro 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮	Senegal: Matam Region, Saint-Louis Region, Louga Region, Tambacounda Region, Kaffrine Region, All over de country Mauritania: Trarza Region, Gorgol Region, Guidimaka Region, Brakna Region, Nouakchott	Pulaar Fuuta Tooro
Fulbe Fuladu 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤣𞤵	Senegal: Kolda Region, Sédhiou Region, South of Tambacounda Region Guinea Bissau: Gabu Region, Bafatá Region, Oio Region Gambia All across de country	Pulaar – Pular Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional

History

Timeline of Fulani history

Time	Events
4th century	De Ghana Empire emerge insyd modern-day southeastern Mauritania den western Mali, as de first large-scale Sudano-Sahelian empire
5th century	De Ghana Empire cam turn de most important power insyd West Africa
5th century (?)	De Fulbe migrate southwards den Eastwards from present-day Morocco den Mauritania
9th century	Dem found Takrur for de lower Senegal River top (present-day Senegal) upon de influx of Fulani from de east den north dey settle insyd de Senegal River valley
11th century	Kingdoms of Tekruur den de Gao Empire flourish insyd West Africa due to gold trade
1042	Almoravids, Berber Muslims from southern Morocco den Mauritania, attack Takrur, after dem defeat de Sanhaja insyd 1039
1050s	Islam gain strong foothold insyd West Africa
1050–1146	Almoravids take over Morocco, Algeria, den part of al-Andalus; dem invade Ghana insyd 1076 den establish power der.
1062	Almoravids found capital for Marrakesh
1100	De Empire of Ghana start dey decline insyd influence den importance
1147	De Almohad Caliphate, rule by Berber Muslims dem oppose to de Almoravids, seize Marrakesh den go on make dem conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, den Tripoli
1150	Unprecedented resurgence of de Ghana Empire dey see am make e reach ein height, dey control vast areas of western Africa as well as Saharan trade routes insyd gold den salt
1200	Empire den dema bodies set out for road of conquest top, dem take ein capital Koumbi Saleh insyd 1203
1235	Great warrior leader Sundiata Keita of de Mandinka people found de Mali Empire insyd present-day Mali, West Africa; e expand under ein rule
1240–1250	Mali absorb Ghana, Tekruur
1324	10th Emperor of Mali, Musa I of Mali dem regard as de richest individual for history dem record insyd, go for ein famous pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Ein procession report dey include 18,000 workers wey each carry 4 pounds (1.8 kg) gold bars, heralds dress insyd silks wey bore gold staffs, organize horses den handle bags. Musa provide all necessities give de procession, dey feed de entire company of men den animals. Insyd de train be 80 camels, wich dey vary reports dem claim dey carry between 50 den 300 pounds (23 den 136 kg) of gold dust each
1325	De Empire of Mali reach ein height of power, dey cover much of Northern West Africa.
1352	Ibn Battuta, Berber scholar, travel across Africa den wrep account of all he see
1462	Sonni Ali cam turn ruler of de Songhai people den go on build de Songhai Empire
1490	De Mali empire dey overshadow by de Songhai Empire
16th century	Songhai Empire enter period of massive expansion den power under Askia Mohammad I. Askia Mohammad strengthen ein country den make am de largest contiguous territory ever insyd West African history. For ein peak, de Empire encompass de Hausa states as far as Kano (insyd present-day Nigeria) den much of de territory belong to de Songhai empire insyd de west neighbouring Bornu Empire of de Kanuri
1515	De Songhai Empire reach ein zenith den pinnacle of power
1590	Dem defeat Songhai Empire by invading Moroccans from further North
1650	Another wave of Fulbe migrations see dem penetrate even further insyd de Southern Senegal den Fouta Jallon highlands of middle Guinea
1670	Fulani people gain control of Bhundu insyd Senegal plus Malick Sy, den de Sissibhe
1673	First unsuccessful Fulani jihad insyd de Fuuta Tooro
1808	Bornu successfully repel Fulani forces
1893	De French conquer de Fouta-Toro
1903	De British conquer de Sokoto Caliphate^[15]

References

↑ Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
↑ Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.
↑ Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
↑ "Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (insyd German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
↑ David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.
↑ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani —Fulbe Laddi— who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice.
↑ Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.
↑ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
↑ Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
↑ Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe (1996). Fulani. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–17. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6.
↑ D Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
↑ "Religion and expressive culture – Fulani". www.everyculture.com. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
↑ "Fulani | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
↑ "Time line". Jamtan. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2013-12-28.

Notes

Almanach de Bruxelles (now be site dem dey bia)
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Adamawa Fulfulde". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006.
Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). Fulani. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger

Read further

Prof. Mark D. DeLancey's Fulbe studies bibliography, accessed 25 March 2008.
Morel, E.D. (1902). Affairs of West Africa. London: William Heinemann., chapter XVI – The Fulani in West African History, pp. 130–135; chapter XVII – Origins of the Fulani, pp. 136–152.
Can an Alphabet Save a Future? – Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked
Monembo, Tierno. (2004). Peuls. Editions Seuil.
Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine.

[1] Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.

[2] Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.

[3] Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.

[4] "Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (insyd German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.

[5] David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.

[6] Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.

[:0-7] 7.0 ^7.1 David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani —Fulbe Laddi— who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice.

[8] Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.

[9] Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.

[10] Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.

[11] Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe (1996). Fulani. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–17. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6.

[12] D Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.

[13] "Religion and expressive culture – Fulani". www.everyculture.com. Retrieved 30 August 2020.

[14] "Fulani | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-27.

[15] "Time line". Jamtan. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2013-12-28.

[1]