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List of heaviest land mammals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The heaviest land mammal is the African bush elephant, which has a weight of up to 10.1 t (11.1 short tons). It measures 10–13 ft at the shoulder and consumes around 230 kg (500 lb) of vegetation a day. Its tusks have been known to reach 2.7 m (9 ft) in length, although in modern populations they are most commonly recorded at a length of 0.6–0.9 m (2 ft 0 in – 2 ft 11 in).[1] The average walking speed of an elephant is 7.2 km/h (4.5 mph), but they can run at recorded speeds of up to 24 km/h (15 mph).[2]

Heaviest extant land mammals

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Rank Name Image Family Taxonomy
Classification
Mass[Note 1]
1 African bush elephant Elephantidae Loxodonta africana 5,200–10,000 kg (11,500–22,000 lb)[3] [4]
2 Asian elephant Elephantidae Elephas maximus: E. m. indicus, E. m. maximus, E. m. sumatranus, E. m. borneensis 2,400–8,000 kg (5,300–17,600 lb) [5] [4]
3 African forest elephant Elephantidae Loxodonta cyclotis 1,700–6,000 kg (3,700–13,200 lb)[6]
4 White rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium simum: Ceratotherium simum cottoni, C. s. simum 3,000–4,500 kg (6,600–9,900 lb)[7]
5 Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus amphibius: H. a. amphibius, H. a. kiboko, H. a. capensis, H. a. tschadensis, H. a. constrictus 1,210–4,500 kg (2,670–9,920 lb)[8] [9]
6 Indian rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros unicornis 2,070–4,000 kg (4,560–8,820 lb) [10] [11]
7 Black rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae Diceros bicornis: D. b. minor, D. b. michaeli, D. b. longipes 850–2,896 kg (1,874–6,385 lb)[12]
8 Javan rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros sondaicus 900–2,300 kg (2,000–5,100 lb)[13]
9 Giraffe Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis: G. c. camelopardalis, G. c. reticulata, G. c. angolensis, G. c. antiquorum, G. c. tippelskirchi, G. c. rothschildi, G. c. giraffa, G. c. thornicrofti, G. c. peralta 700–2,000 kg (1,500–4,400 lb)[14][15]
10 Gaur Bovidae Bos gaurus: B. g. gaurus, B. g. readei, B. g. hubbacki 440–1,500 kg (970–3,310 lb)[16]
11 Cattle Bovidae Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos primigenius 120–1,400 kg (260–3,090 lb)[17][18]
12 American bison Bovidae Bison bison: B. b. athabascae, B. b. bison 540–1,270 kg (1,190–2,800 lb) in wild,[19][20] and a semidomesticated bull weighed 1,724 kg (3,801 lb).[19]
13 Wild water buffalo Bovidae Bubalus arnee[Note 2] 600–1,200 kg (1,300–2,600 lb)[21][22]
14 Wild yak Bovidae Bos mutus 500–1,200 kg (1,100–2,600 lb)[23]
15 Giant eland Bovidae Taurotragus derbianus: T. d. derbianus, T. d. gigas 400–1,200 kg (880–2,650 lb)[24]
16 Gayal Bovidae Bos frontalis 650–1,000 kg (1,430–2,200 lb)[citation needed]
17 European bison Bovidae Bison bonasus 500–1,000 kg (1,100–2,200 lb)[25][26]
18 Sumatran rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 500–1,000 kg (1,100–2,200 lb)[27]
19 Eland Bovidae Taurotragus oryx: T. o. livingstonii, T. o. oryx, T. o. pattersonianus 400–1,000 kg (880–2,200 lb)[28][29]
20 Bactrian camel Camelidae Camelus bactrianus, Camelus ferus 300–1,000 kg (660–2,200 lb)[30][31]
21 Dromedary Camelidae Camelus dromedarius 400–1,000 kg (880–2,200 lb)[32]
22 Water buffalo Bovidae Bubalus bubalis 300–1,000 or 1,100 kg (660–2,200 or 2,430 lb)[33][34]
23 Yak Bovidae Bos grunniens 300–1,000 kg (660–2,200 lb)[35]
24 Polar bear Ursidae Ursus maritimus 300–1,000 kg (660–2,200 lb)[36][37][38]
25 Brown bear Ursidae Ursus arctos: U. a. arctos, U. a. collaris, U. a. beringianus, U. a. isabellinus, U. a. gobiensis, U. a. lasiotus, Ursus arctos marsicanus, U. a. syriacus, U. a. pruinosus, U. a. horribilis, U. a. gyas,U. a. middendorffi, U. a. sitkensis, U. a. stikeenensis, U. a. nelsoni, U. a. crowtheri 150–1,000 kg (330–2,200 lb)[39][40][41][42]
26 Kouprey Bovidae Bos sauveli 680–910 kg (1,500–2,010 lb)[43][26]
27 Banteng Bovidae Bos javanicus: B. j. javanicus, B. j. lowi, B. j. birmanicus 590–900 kg (1,300–1,980 lb)[44]
28 African buffalo Bovidae Syncerus caffer: S. c. caffer, S. c. nanus, S. c. brachyceros, S. c. mathewsi, S. c. aequinoctialis 300–870 kg (660–1,920 lb)[45][46]
29 Moose Cervidae Alces alces: A. a. alces, A. a. pfizenmayeri, A. a. cameloides, A. a. buturlini, A. a. americana, A. a. andersoni, A. a. gigas, A. a. shirasi 200–820 kg (440–1,810 lb)[47][48][5]
30 Elk Cervidae Cervus canadensis: C. c. alashanicus, C. c. kansuensis, C. c. macneilli, C. c. manitobensis, C. c. nannodes, C. c. nelsoni, C. c. roosevelti, C. c. xanthopygus, C. c. sibiricus, C. c. songaricus, C. c. wallichii 170–600 kg (370–1,320 lb)[49][50]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Entries are ordered by the median or mean body mass (in that order of preference), if available, or otherwise by the geometric mean of the body mass range limits.
  2. ^ The domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) also occurs as feral populations, sometimes in sympatry with Bubalus arnee.[21]

References

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  1. ^ Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950.
  2. ^ Stanford News Service Stanford News Service Retrieved April 3, 2016
  3. ^ Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-24.
  4. ^ a b Larramendi, A. (2015). "Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950. Retrieved 23 May 2020. This is the range for 90% of the male population; see Table 8.
  5. ^ a b Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  6. ^ Grubb, Peter; Groves, Colin; Dudley, Joseph; Shoshani, Jeheskel (January 2000). "African forest elephant and african bush elephant". Elephant. 2 (4). doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169.
  7. ^ "African Rhinoceros". viuzza.net. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  8. ^ "Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus)". Animal Diversity Web.
  9. ^ Weston, E.M.; Lister, A.M. (2009). "Insular dwarfism in hippos and a model for brain size reduction in Homo floresiensis". Nature. 459 (7243): 85–88. Bibcode:2009Natur.459...85W. doi:10.1038/nature07922. PMC 2679980. PMID 19424156. Adult range (males plus females; see Supplementary Discussion on page 15 of Supplementary Material); note mean mass = 1,495 kg.
  10. ^ Boitani, Luigi, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
  11. ^ Laurie, W.A.; Lang, E.M.; Groves, C.P. (1983). "Rhinoceros unicornis". Mammalian Species (211): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504002. JSTOR 3504002. Weights are for captive males; see page 1.
  12. ^ Hillman-Smith, A.K.K..; Groves, C.P. (1994). "Diceros bicornis". Mammalian Species (455): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504292. JSTOR 3504292. See page 2.
  13. ^ Dinerstein, E. (2003). The Return of the Unicorns; The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08450-5.
  14. ^ Hall-Martin, A.J. (1977). "Giraffe Weight Estimation Using Dissected Leg Weight and Body Measurements". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 41 (4): 740–745. doi:10.2307/3799999. JSTOR 3799999. Male weight range, from Table 1.
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  16. ^ MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Gaur". In Smith, A. T.; Xie, Y. (eds.). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 472. ISBN 9781400834112.
  17. ^ Friend, John B., Cattle of the World, Blandford Press, Dorset, 1978
  18. ^ "Hereford cattle weight". Archived from the original on 24 January 2015.
  19. ^ a b Meagher, M. (1986). "Bison bison". Mammalian Species (266): 1–8. doi:10.1093/mspecies/266.1. JSTOR 3504019. Male weight range, page 1.
  20. ^ Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). Bison: mating and conservation in small populations. Columbia University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-231-08456-7.
  21. ^ a b Aryal, A.; Shrestha, T.K.; Ram, A.; Frey, W.; Groves, C.; Hemmer, H.; Dhakal, M.; Koirala, R.J.; Heinen, J.; Raubenheimer, D. (2011). "Call to conserve the Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Nepal" (PDF). International Journal of Conservation Science. 2 (4): 261–268. Retrieved 2020-05-25. See page 262.
  22. ^ Ahrestani, F.S.; Heitkönig, I.M.A.; Matsubayashi, H.; Prins, H.H.T. (2016). "Grazing and Browsing by Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia" (PDF). In Ahrestani, F.S.; Sankaran, M. (eds.). The Ecology of Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia. Ecological Studies. Vol. 225. Springer Netherlands. pp. 99–120. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7570-0_4. ISBN 978-94-017-7568-7. ISSN 0070-8356. Retrieved 2020-05-25. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) See page 104.
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  35. ^ Buchholtz, C. (1990). True Cattle (Genus Bos). pp. 386–397 in S. Parker, ed. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, Volume 5. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. (quoted in Oliphant, M. (2003). Bos grunniens (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed 4 April 2009)
  36. ^ Derocher, A. E.; Wiig, Ø. (2002). "Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard". Journal of Zoology. 256 (3): 343–349. doi:10.1017/S0952836902000377.
  37. ^ Hemstock, p. 4
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