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Part of the immune response to infection is the production of [[antibodies]] including [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]]. According to the FDA, IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are generally detectable several days after initial infection, although levels over the course of infection are not well characterized.<ref name=cellex_eua>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/media/136622/download |title=Cellex Emergency Use Authorization |publisher= FDA|access-date=10 April 2020|date = 1 April 2020}}</ref> SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies generally become detectable 10–14 days after infection, sometimes earlier, and normally peak around 28 days after infection onset.<ref name=NYT_antibody>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/health/coronavirus-antibody-test.html |title= Will an Antibody Test Allow Us to Go Back to School or Work? |work=New York Times |access-date=15 April 2020|date =10 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name=MtSinai_EUA>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/137032/download |title= Mount Sinai Emergency Use Authorization|publisher= FDA|access-date=18 April 2020|date = 15 April 2020}}</ref> Antibodies are too slow to serve as acute infection markers. Since they may persist in the bloodstream for many years they are ideal for detecting past infections.<ref name=tech_antigens/>
 
Antibody tests can be used to estimate the once-infected percentage of a population who are therefore presumably immune. However, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies' potency and protective period are unclear.<ref name=JAMA_antibody/><ref name=SA_immun/>
 
==== Types of serology tests ====
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By 31 March [[United Arab Emirates]] was testing more of its population per head than any other country.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sullivan (now|first1=Helen|last2=Rawlinson|first2=earlier); Kevin|last3=Gayle|first3=Damien|last4=Topping|first4=Alexandra|last5=Mohdin|first5=and Aamna|last6=Willsher|first6=Kim|last7=Wintour|first7=Patrick|last8=Wearden|first8=Graeme|last9=Greenfield|first9=Patrick|date=31 March 2020|title=Global confirmed virus death toll passes 40,000 – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-live-news-usa-confirmed-cases-double-china-update-uk-italy-spain-europe-latest-updates?page=with%3Ablock-5e8377658f087564da1e3396|access-date=1 April 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> UAE implemented a combination of drive-through capability, and mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI. The lab conduced tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and was the first to be operational at this scale outside of China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 March 2020|title=VIDEO: UAE sets up COVID-19 detection lab in just 14 days|url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2020/03/31/uae-sets-up-covid-19-detection-lab-in-just-14-days|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Gulf Today}}</ref>
 
Several European countries initially conducted more tests than the US.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily COVID-19 tests per thousand people|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-daily-covid-19-tests-per-thousand|access-date=15 April 2020|website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Total tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-cumulative-total-tests-per-thousand|access-date=15 April 2020|website=Our World in Data}}</ref> By 19 March drive-in tests were offered in several large cities.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 March 2020|title=Covid-19 – Tests auf das Coronavirus: Wann, wo und wie?|language=de-DE|work=Deutschlandfunk|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/covid-19-tests-auf-das-coronavirus-wann-wo-und-wie.1939.de.html?drn:news_id=1112050|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> As of 26 March, Health minister [[Jens Spahn]] estimated that Germany was conducting 200,000 tests per week.<ref name="sz">{{Cite news|last1=Charisius|first1=Hanno|date=26 March 2020|title=Covid-19: Wie gut testet Deutschland?|language=de|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/covid-19-coronavirus-testverfahren-1.4855487|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> As of the end of March at least 483,295 samples were tested and 33,491 (6.9%) had tested positive.<ref name="rki26">{{cite web|date=26 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 Daily Situation Report of the Robert Koch Institute|url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/2020-03-26-en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|access-date=28 April 2020|publisher=Robert Koch Institute}}</ref>
 
=== April ===
On 13 April, [[Health Canada]] approved a test from Spartan Bioscience. Institutions may "test patients" with a handheld [[DNA analyzer]] "and receive results without having to send samples away to a [central] lab".<ref name="carly">{{cite news|date=13 April 2020|title=Health Canada approves new rapid COVID-testing kits|publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-health-canada-approves-new-rapid-covid-testing-kits/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The power of DNA testing for everyone|url=https://www.spartanbio.com/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422212123/https://www.spartanbio.com/|archivedate=22 April 2020|access-date=14 April 2020|publisher=Spartan Bioscience}}</ref>
 
=== May ===
In May 2020 antibody tests were conducted on 5,603 [[Major League Baseball|major league baseball]] employees and 0.7% tested positive, showing they had been infected in the past. 70% of those who tested positive had had no symptoms.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 May 2020|title=MLB antibody study: 0.7% of those tested had been exposed to coronavirus|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/MLB-antibody-study-7-percent-exposed-to-15260314.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519092716/https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/MLB-antibody-study-7-percent-exposed-to-15260314.php|archive-date=19 May 2020|accessdate=13 May 2020|website=SFChronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wagner|first1=James|date=15 April 2020|title=M.L.B. Employees Become the Subjects of a Huge Coronavirus Study|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/sports/baseball/major-league-baseball-coronavirus-study.html|accessdate=20 May 2020|website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 May 2020|title=Fewer than 1% of MLB employees test positive for COVID-19 antibodies|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2020-05-10/mlb-employees-test-positive-for-coronavirus-antibodies-covid-19|accessdate=20 May 2020|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The US was conducting an average of 2.5&nbsp;million tests per week for the week ending 17 May. This grew to 3.2&nbsp;million by 14 June.<ref name="covid_tracking">{{cite web |title=US Historical Data |url=https://covidtracking.com/data/us-daily |website=The COVID Tracking Project |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-covid-19-tests-per-day|title=COVID-19: Tests per day|website=Our World in Data|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
On 8 May 2020, the FDA granted its first EUA for antigen test: "Sofia{{nbsp}}2 SARS Antigen FIA" by [[Quidel Corporation|Quidel Corp.]]<ref name=":4" /><ref name="FDA_antigen" /> ▼
 
In May 2020, Roche received an EUA for a selective [[ELISA]] serology test.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Roche's COVID-19 antibody test receives FDA Emergency Use Authorization and is available in markets accepting the CE mark|website=Roche|date=3 May 2020|url=https://www.roche.com/media/releases/med-cor-2020-05-03.htm|access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Roche Diagnostics GmbH Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/137602/download|access-date=8 May 2020|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|format=PDF}}</ref>▼
▲On 8 May 2020, the FDA granted its first EUA for antigen test: "Sofia{{nbsp}}2 SARS Antigen FIA" by [[Quidel Corporation|Quidel Corp.]]<ref name=":4" /><ref name="FDA_antigen" />
 
▲In May 2020, Roche received an EUA for a selective [[ELISA]] serology test.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Roche's COVID-19 antibody test receives FDA Emergency Use Authorization and is available in markets accepting the CE mark|website=Roche|date=3 May 2020|url=https://www.roche.com/media/releases/med-cor-2020-05-03.htm|access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Roche Diagnostics GmbH Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/137602/download|access-date=8 May 2020|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
== Capacity ==
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Iceland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nordiclifescience.org/covid-19-first-results-of-the-voluntary-screening-in-iceland/|title=COVID-19: First results of the voluntary screening in Iceland|date=27 March 2020|website=Nordic Life Science – the leading Nordic life science news service|language=en-US|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs.
 
==Research and development==
 
A test which uses [[monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]] which bind to the [[nucleocapsid protein]] (N protein) of the SARS-CoV-2 is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a [[rapid influenza test]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Catching Virus Fast! Academia Sinica discovered useful antibodies for developing rapid immune based test kit of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus | url = https://www.sinica.edu.tw/en/news/6505 | accessdate = 12 March 2020 | work = sinica.edu.tw | publisher = Academia Sinica | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200418092403/https://www.sinica.edu.tw/en/news/6505 | archivedate = 18 April 2020 | deadurl = | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] raised concerns on 8{{nbsp}}April that these tests need to be validated for the disease and are in a research stage only.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advice on the use of point-of-care immunodiagnostic tests for COVID-19 |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/advice-on-the-use-of-point-of-care-immunodiagnostic-tests-for-covid-19 |website=who.int |accessdate=11 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The US [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved an antibody test on 2{{nbsp}}April,<ref>Romano, Andrew. (7 April 2020). "Fauci once dismissed concerns about 'silent carriers' of coronavirus. Not anymore." [https://news.yahoo.com/fauci-once-dismissed-concerns-about-silent-carriers-of-coronavirus-not-anymore-161718057.html Yahoo News] Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref> but some researchers warn that such tests should not drive public health decisions unless the percentage of COVID‑19 survivors who are producing neutralizing antibodies is also known.<ref name=SA_immun>{{cite news | title = What Immunity to COVID-19 Really Means | date = 10 April 2020 | url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-immunity-to-covid-19-really-means/ | work = Scientific American | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200428171803/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-immunity-to-covid-19-really-means/ | archivedate = 28 April 2020 | deadurl = | url-status = live }}</ref> On 21 May 2020, researchers at [[Ben-Gurion University]] in [[Israel]] reported a one-minute coronavirus test with 90% accuracy, based on the "change in the resonance in the THz spectral range" shown by the coronavirus through [[Terahertz radiation|THz spectroscopy]].<ref name="BW-20200521">{{cite news |last=Ho |first=David |title=Israel’s Ben-Gurion University develops one-minute coronavirus test |url=https://www.bioworld.com/articles/435285-israels-ben-gurion-university-develops-one-minute-coronavirus-test |date=21 May 2020 |work=BioWorld.com |accessdate=7 June 2020 }}</ref>
 
==Virus testing statistics by country==
 
The figures are influenced by the country's testing policy. If two countries are alike in every respect, including having the same spread of infection, and one of them has a shortage of testing capability, it may test only those showing symptoms while the other country having greater access to testing may test both those showing symptoms and others chosen at random. The country that tests only people showing symptoms will have a higher figure for "% (Confirmed cases as percentage of tested samples or tested cases)" than the country that also tests people chosen at random.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/want-to-know-how-many-people-have-the-coronavirus-test-randomly-135784 |title= Want to know how many people have the coronavirus? Test randomly |publisher=The Conversation |access-date=7 May 2020|date = 13 April 2020}}</ref> If two countries are alike in every respect, including which people they test, the one that tests more people will have a higher "Confirmed / million people".
 
{{COVID-19 testing by country|state=expanded}}
 
==Virus testing statistics by country subdivision==
 
{{COVID-19 testing by country subdivision|state=expanded}}
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