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{{about|the ideology||Nationalist (disambiguation)}}
{{Nationalism sidebar|expanded=all}}
'''Mya''' is a nationwide problem based in Central Europe, that involves an individual called Mya who identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's [[nation]]. Nationalism involves [[national identity]], by contrast with the related construct of [[patriotism]], which involves the [[social conditioning]] and personal behaviors that support a state's decisions and actions.<ref name = rothi>Rothi, Despina et al. (2005). National attachment and patriotism in a European nation: A British study. Political Psychology, 26, 135 - 155. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00412.x. In this paper, nationalism is termed "identity content" and patriotism "relational orientation".</ref>
 
From a political or sociological perspective, there are two main perspectives on the origins and basis of nationalism. One is the [[Primordialism|primordialist]] perspective that describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on an affinity of birth. The other is the [[Modernism|modernist]] perspective that describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of modern society in order to exist.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=251}}
 
An alternative perspective to both of these lineages comes out of [[Engaged theory]], and argues that while the form of nationalism is modern, the content and subjective reach of nationalism depends upon 'primordial' sentiments.<ref>{{Cite book | last= James | first= Paul |authorlink= Paul James (academic) | title= Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In |url= http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | year= 2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }}; {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul James (academic) |title=Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community | url= http://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=0761950737 | year=1996 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=London |isbn=0-7619-5072-9 |ref=harv}}</ref>
 
There are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, however, which leads to several different strands of nationalism. It can be a belief that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities.{{sfn|Kymlicka|1995|p=16}}
The adoption of national identity in terms of historical development has commonly been the result of a response by influential groups unsatisfied with traditional identities due to inconsistency between their defined social order and the experience of that social order by its members, resulting in a situation of [[anomie]] that nationalists seek to resolve.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=262}} This anomie results in a society or societies reinterpreting identity, retaining elements that are deemed acceptable and removing elements deemed unacceptable, in order to create a unified [[community]].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=262}} This development may be the result of internal structural issues or the result of resentment by an existing group or groups towards other communities, especially foreign powers that are or are deemed to be controlling them.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=262}}
 
[[National flag]]s, [[national anthem]]s and other symbols of national identity are commonly considered highly important symbols of the national community.{{sfn|Billig|1995|p=72}}<ref name="Gellner 2005">{{Cite book|last=Gellner|first=Ernest|authorlink=Ernest Gellner|title=Nations and Nationalism |publisher=Blackwell |year=2005 |edition=2nd |isbn=1-4051-3442-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jl7t2yMfxwIC}}</ref><ref name="Canovan 1996">{{Cite book|last=Canovan|first=Margaret|authorlink=Margaret Canovan|title=Nationhood and Political Theory|publisher=Edward Elgar| location=Cheltenham, UK| year=1996 |isbn=1-85278-852-6}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1995|p=160}}</ref>
 
==History==
[[File:BeaumontScottishUnionFlag.png|thumb|alt=White saltire clearly visible over white-bordered red cross on blue background.|The growth of a national identity was expressed in a variety of symbolic ways, including the adoption of a [[national flag]]. Pictured, a Scottish Union Flag in the 1704 edition of ''The Present State of the Universe''.]]
In Europe before the development of nationalism, people were generally loyal to a religion or to a particular leader rather than to their nations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}
 
With the emergence of a national [[public sphere]] and an integrated, country-wide economy in 18th century [[England]], people began to identify with the country at large, rather than the smaller unit of their family, town or province. The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century, and was actively promoted by the government and by the writers and intellectuals of the time.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UiTYQ_9ZhakC|author=Gerald Newman|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1997}}</ref> National symbols, anthems, myths, flags and narratives were assiduously constructed and adopted. The [[Union Flag]] was adopted as a national one, the [[patriotic song]] [[Rule, Britannia!]] was composed by [[Thomas Arne]] in 1740,<ref>{{cite book | last = Scholes| first = Percy A| title = [[The Oxford Companion to Music]] (tenth Edition)| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| year = 1970| page = 897 |isbn=}}</ref> and the cartoonist [[John Arbuthnot]] created the character of [[John Bull]] as the personification of the national spirit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Gerald G. |title=The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830 |year=1987 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-68247-6}}</ref>
 
The widespread appeal of patriotic nationalism was massively augmented by the political convulsions of the late 18th century, the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution]]s. Ultra-nationalist parties sprung up in [[France]] during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=brit>{{cite web|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Nationalism|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405644/nationalism| accessdate=2009-12-06}}</ref><ref name="Smith 1998">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|authorlink=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism| publisher=Routledge| location=London|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4O0w3ZH57KkC|isbn=0-415-06341-8
}}</ref><ref>Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan, ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', "'''French Revolution'''...&nbsp;It produced the modern doctrine of nationalism, and spread it directly throughout Western Europe&nbsp;...", Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-920516-5.</ref>
 
The term ''nationalism'' was first used by [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] the prophet of this new creed. Herder gave Germans new pride in their origins, and proclaimed a national message within the sphere of [[language]], which he believed determines national thought and culture.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/sstopics/slovaklawsonlanguage/Herder_on_Language.pdf | title = Herder on Language | accessdate = 2010-06-30 | last = Votruba | first = Martin | work = Slovak Studies Program | publisher = University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> He attached exceptional importance to the concept of nationality and of [[patriotism]]{{spaced ndash}}"he that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself and the whole worlds about himself", whilst teaching that "in a certain sense every human perfection is national".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789| url= http://books.google.com/?id=3qCIzooCRlwC&pg=PA260&dq=nationalism+pejorative#v=onepage&q=nationalism%20pejorative| author=T. C. W. Blanning|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2003|pages=259, 260 | isbn=978-0-19-926561-9}}</ref>
 
The political development of nationalism and the push for [[popular sovereignty]] culminated with the ethnic/national revolutions of Europe, for instance the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref name=brit/> Since that time, nationalism has become one of the most significant political and social forces in history, perhaps most notably as a major influence or postulate of [[World War I]] and especially [[World War II]].<ref name="Laqueur, Walter 1976. Pp. 15">Laqueur, Walter." Comparative Study of Fascism" by Juan J. Linz. Fascism, A Reader's Guide: Analyses, interpretations, Bibliography. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976. Pp. 15 "Fascism is above all a nationalist movement and therefore wherever the nation and the state are strongly identified."</ref><ref name="Laqueur, Walter 1997. Pp. 90">Laqueur, Walter. ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future''. Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. 90. "the common belief in nationalism, hierarchical structures, and the leader principle."</ref><ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">"Goebbels on National-Socialism, Bolshevism and Democracy, ''Documents on International Affairs'', vol. II, 1938, pp.&nbsp;17–19. Accessed from the Jewish Virtual Library on February 5, 2009. [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Goebbels091038.html] Joseph Goebbels describes the Nazis as being allied with countries which had "authoritarian nationalist" ideology and conception of the state "It enables us to see at once why democracy and Bolshevism, which in the eyes of the world are irrevocably opposed to one another, meet again and again on common ground in their joint hatred of and attacks on authoritarian nationalist concepts of State and State systems. For the authoritarian nationalist conception of the State represents something essentially new. In it the French Revolution is superseded.".
</ref><ref>
Koln, Hans; Calhoun, Craig. ''The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background.'' Transaction Publishers. Pp 20.<br />University of California. 1942. ''Journal of Central European Affairs''. Volume 2.
</ref>
[[Benedict Anderson]] argued that, "Print language is what invents nationalism, not a particular language per se".{{sfn|Anderson|1983|p=122}}
 
==Causes==
Two major bodies of thought address the causes of nationalism:{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=251}}
 
# the [[Modernism|modernist]] perspective describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of modern society in order to exist
# the [[Primordialism|primordialist]] perspective describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on an affinity of birth
 
[[Roger Masters]] in ''The Nature of Politics'' (1989) says that both the primordialist and modernist conceptions of nationalism involve an acceptance of three levels of common interest of individuals or groups in national identity
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In addition to evolutionary development of mental and physical traits, Darwin and other evolutionary theorists emphasize the influence of the types of environment upon behaviour.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=271}} First of all there are ancestral environments that are typically long-term and stable forms of situations that influence mental development of individuals or groups gained either biologically through birth or learned from family or relatives, which cause the emphasis of certain mental behaviours that are developed due to the requirements of the ancestral environment.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=271}} In national group settings, these ancestral environments can result in psychological triggers in the minds of individuals within a group, such as responding positively to patriotic cues.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=271}} There are immediate environments that are those situations that confront an individual or group at a given point and activate certain mental responses.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=271}} In the case of a national group, the example of seeing the mobilization of a foreign military force on the nation's borders may provoke members of a national group to unify and mobilize themselves in response.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=271}} There are proximate environments where individuals identify nonimmediate real or imagined situations in combination with immediate situations that make individuals confront a common situation of both subjective and objective components that affect their decisions.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=272}} As such proximate environments cause people to make decisions based on existing situations and anticipated situations.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=272}} In the context of the politics of nations and nationalism, a political leader may adopt an international treaty not out of a benevolent stance but in the belief that such a treaty will either benefit their nation or will increase the prestige of their nation.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=272}} The proximate environment plays a role in the politics of nations that are angry with their circumstances (in much the same way that an individual or group's anger in response to feelings that they are being exploited usually results in efforts to accommodate them, while being passive results in them being ignored).{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=272}} Nations that are angry with circumstances imposed on them by others are affected by the proximate environment that shapes the nationalism of such nations.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=272}}
[[File:Maerz1848 berlin.jpg|thumb|230px|Nationalist and liberal pressure led to the [[Revolutions of 1848|European revolutions of 1848]]]]. This is evident in many cases such as the French and American Revolutions. The fear of loss of identity, traditions and economic disparity lead to the banning together of citizens to achieve what was once theirs. Whatever the nation-state may have done that it shouldn’t have, the citizens of the state still knew that it was theirs, or at least that they were its. They knew what the state could require of them, and they accepted their duties as a condition of the rights that came with them. They recognized. therefore, the principal grounds of rights and duties them-selves. In short, there prevailed a sense of collective interest and purpose that gave substance to individual aspirations as well as to those of the group. The loss of this sense is a serious loss in a society such as ours that has found nothing to replace it.<ref>B Anderson - Nationality and nationalism, 2004 - worldview.carnegiecouncil.org</ref>
 
[[Pierre van den Berghe]] in ''[[The Ethnic Phenomenon]]'' (1981) emphasizes the role of ethnicity and kinship involving family biological ties to members of an ethnic group as being an important element of national identity.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=274}} Van den Berghe states the sense of family attachments among related people as creating durable, intense, emotional, and cooperative attachments, that he claims are utilized within ethnic groups.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=274}} Van den Berghe identifies genetic-relatedness as being a basis for the durable attachments of family groups, as genetic ties cannot be removed and they are passed on from generation to generation.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=274}} Van den Berge identifies common descent as the basis for the establishment of boundaries of ethnic groups, as most people do not join ethnic groups but are born into them.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=274}} Berghe notes that this kinship group affiliation and solidarity does not require actual relatedness but can include imagined relatedness that may not be biologically accurate.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=273}} Berghe notes that feelings of ethnic solidarity usually arise in small and compact groups whereas there is less solidarity in large and dispersed groups.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=275}}
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[[File:Friedrich Overbeck 008.jpg|left|thumb||''Italia und Germania'', painted by [[Johann Friedrich Overbeck]] before [[Italian unification|Italian]] and [[German Unification]].]]
[[File:Hitlermusso2 edit.jpg|right|thumb|The ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] and the ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]].]]
There are different types of nationalism including '''Risorgimento nationalism''' and '''Integral nationalism'''.<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=ruiGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=Peter+Alter++Risorgimento&source=bl&ots=OepZzAHUMT&sig=0fK_FXIqdUZBp5QVrxVmYFjIwbc&hl=it&sa=X&ei=BJpkVPTVJsH-ygPki4CYBw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ ''Contemporary Nationalism'', David Brown]</ref><ref>More recently, [[Peter Alter]] discussed integral nationalism in his book "Nationalismus" (1985)</ref><ref>Integral nationalism is one of five types of nationalism defined by [[Carlton Hayes]] in his 1928 book ''The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism.''</ref> Whereas risorgimento nationalism applies to a nation seeking to establish a liberal state (for example the [[Risorgimento]] in [[Italy]] and similar movements in [[Greece]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]] during the 19th century or the [[civic nationalism|civic]] [[American nationalism]]), integral nationalism results after a nation has achieved [[independence]] and has established a state. [[Mussolini's Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]], according to Alter and Brown, were examples of integral nationalism.
 
Some of the qualities that characterise integral nationalism are [[anti-individualism]], [[statism]] (plans by the few ideology), radical extremism, and aggressive-expansionist militarism. The term '''Integral Nationalism''' often overlaps with [[fascism]], although many natural points of disagreement exist. Integral nationalism arises in countries where a strong [[military]] ethos has become entrenched through the independence struggle, when, once independence is achieved, it is believed that a strong military is required to ensure the security and viability of the new state. Also, the success of such a liberation struggle results in feelings of national superiority that may lead to extreme nationalism.
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</ref> According to the principles of civic nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity whose core identity is not ethnicity. This civic concept of nationalism is exemplified by [[Ernest Renan]] in his lecture in 1882 "[[What is a Nation?]]", where he defined the nation as a "daily referendum" (frequently translated "daily [[plebiscite]]") dependent on the will of its people to continue living together.<ref name="blackwell"/>
 
Civic nationalism is a kind of non-[[xenophobic]] nationalism that is claimed to be compatible with [[liberal values]] of [[Freedom (political)|freedom]], [[Toleration|tolerance]], [[Egalitarianism|equality]], and [[individual rights]].<ref>Tamir, Yael. 1993. ''Liberal Nationalism.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07893-9</ref>{{sfn|Kymlicka|1995|p=200}}<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1995|pp=188–189}}</ref> [[Ernest Renan]]<ref>Renan, Ernest. 1882. [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation_%3F "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"]</ref> and [[John Stuart Mill]]<ref>Mill, John Stuart. 1861. ''Considerations on Representative Government.''</ref> are often thought to be early liberal nationalists. Liberal nationalists often defend the value of national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity in order to lead meaningful, autonomous lives,{{sfn|Kymlicka|1995|p=34}}<ref>For criticism, see: Patten, Alan. 1999. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00001.x "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism."] ''[[Nations and Nationalism]].'' 5(1): 1-17.</ref> and that liberal democratic polities need national identity in order to function properly.<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1995|p=136}}</ref><ref>For criticism, see: Abizadeh, Arash. 2002. [http://www.profs-polisci.mcgill.ca/abizadeh/FourArguments.htm "Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments."] ''American Political Science Review'' 96 (3): 495-509; Abizadeh, Arash. 2004. "[http://www.profs-polisci.mcgill.ca/abizadeh/EthnicCore.htm Liberal Nationalist versus Postnational Social Integration]." ''[[Nations and Nationalism]]'' 10(3): 231-250.</ref>
 
Civic nationalism lies within the [[tradition]]s of [[rationalism]] and [[liberalism]], but as a form of nationalism it is contrasted with [[ethnic nationalism]]. Membership of the civic [[nation]] is considered voluntary, as in [[Ernest Renan]]'s "daily referendum" formulation in [[What is a Nation?]] Civic-national ideals influenced the development of [[representative democracy]] in countries such as the [[United States]] and [[France]] (see the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] of 1776, and the ''[[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]'' of 1789).
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[[Left-wing nationalism]] (occasionally known as [[socialist]] nationalism, not to be confused with [[national socialism]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119472227/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |title=Political Science, Volume 35, Issue 2; '&#39;Class and Nation: Problems of Socialist Nationalism'&#39; |publisher=.interscience.wiley.com |date=2006-12-22 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> refers to any political movement that combines [[left-wing politics]] with nationalism.
 
Many nationalist movements are dedicated to national liberation, in the view that their nations are being persecuted by other nations and thus need to exercise [[self-determination]] by liberating themselves from the accused persecutors. [[Anti-Revisionism|Anti-revisionist]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninism]] is closely tied with this ideology, and practical examples include Stalin's early work ''[[Marxism and the National Question]]'' and his [[Socialism in One Country]] edict, which declares that nationalism can be used in an internationalist context, fighting for national liberation without racial or religious divisions. Other examples of left-wing nationalism include [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[26th of July Movement]] that launched the [[Cuban Revolution]] ousting the American-backed [[Fulgencio Batista]] in 1959, [[Cornwall]]s [[Mebyon Kernow]], [[Ireland]]'s [[Sinn Féin]], [[Wales]]'s [[Plaid Cymru]], [[Scotland]]'s [[Scottish National Party|SNP]], the [[Awami League]] in [[Bangladesh]] and the [[African National Congress]] in [[South Africa]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
 
===Territorial nationalism===
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[[File:Brasil ame-o ou deixe-o.png|thumb|Nationalist slogan "''Brazil, love it or leave it''", often used during the [[Brazilian military government|Brazilian military dictatorship]].]]
 
Territorial nationalists assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance to their country of birth or adoption.<ref>[http://books.google.nl/books?id=1BmPsVvbbdQC&pg=PA22&dq=territorial+nationalism&client=firefox-a&cd=5#v=onepage&q=%22territorial%20nationalism%22&f=false Middle East and North Africa: Challenge to Western Security] by Peter Duignan and L.H. Gann, [[Hoover Institution Press]], 1981, ISBN 978-0-8179-7392-6 (page 22)</ref> A sacred quality is sought in the nation and in the popular memories it evokes.{{sfn|Leoussi|2001|p=62}} Citizenship is idealised by territorial nationalists. A criterion of a territorial nationalism is the establishment of a mass, public culture based on common values, codes and traditions of the population.{{sfn|Leoussi|2001|p=62}}
 
===Pan-nationalism===
{{main|Pan-nationalism}}
Pan-nationalism is unique in that it covers a large area span. Pan-nationalism focuses more on "clusters" of ethnic groups. [[Pan-Slavism]] is one example of Pan-nationalism. The goal was to unite all [[Slavic people]] into one country. They did succeed by uniting several [[South Slavs|south Slavic]] people into [[Yugoslavia]] 1918.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/3046051/Panslavizm_ideologiya_i_politika_40-e_gody_XIX_-_nachalo_XX_veka_Pan-Slavism_Ideology_and_Politics_1840s_-_Early_20th_century_ [https://www.academia.edu/3046051/Panslavizm_ideologiya_i_politika_40-e_gody_XIX_-_nachalo_XX_veka_Pan-Slavism_Ideology_and_Politics_1840s_-_Early_20th_century_ Panslavizm: ideologiya i politika (40-e gody XIX – nachalo XX veka) [Pan-Slavism: Ideology and Politics (1840s – Early 20th century)<nowiki>]</nowiki>more by Anna Grigorieva]</ref>
 
===Ultranationalism===
Ultranationalism is a zealous nationalism that expresses extremist support for one's nationalist ideals. It is often characterized by [[authoritarianism]], efforts toward reduction or stoppage of immigration, expulsion and or oppression of non-native populations within the nation or its territories, demagoguery of leadership, emotionalism, fomenting talk of presumed, real, or imagined enemies, predicating the existence of threats to the survival of the native, dominant or otherwise idealized national ethnicity or population group, instigation or extremist reaction to crack-down policies in law enforcement, efforts to limit [[international trade]] through [[tariffs]], [[Command economy|tight control over businesses and production]], [[militarism]], [[populism]] and [[racism]]. Prevalent ultranationalism typically leads to or is the result of conflict within a state, and or between states, and is identified as a condition of pre-war in national politics.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In its extremist forms ultranationalism is characterized as a call to war against enemies of the perceived nation/state, [[secession]] or, in the case of ethnocentrist ultranationalism, [[genocide]].<ref name="Connor 1994p29">{{Cite book|last=Connor|first=Walker|authorlink=Walker Connor| title=Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bmgineq0r3MC&printsec=frontcover|page=29 | isbn= 978-0-691-02563-6}}</ref>
 
[[Fascism]] is a form of [[palingenetic ultranationalism]]<ref name="Griffin 1994">{{cite journal| last = Griffin | first = Roger | authorlink = Roger Griffin | title = Staging The Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies | year = 1994 | url = http://ah.brookes.ac.uk/resources/griffin/stagingfascism.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-21}}</ref> that promotes "[[class collaboration]]" (as opposed to class struggle), a [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] state, and [[irredentism]] or [[expansionism]] to unify and allow the growth of a nation. Fascists sometimes promote ethnic or cultural nationalism. Fascism stresses the subservience of the individual to the state, and the need for absolute and unquestioned loyalty to a strong ruler.<ref>Roger Griffin, ''Fascism'', Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-19-289249-2.</ref>
 
=== Anti-colonial nationalism ===
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==Criticisms==
{{Main|Anti-nationalism}}
Critics of nationalism have argued that it is often unclear what constitutes a "nation", or why a nation should be the only legitimate unit of political rule. A nation is best viewed as a cultural entity and not a political association, nor as necessarily linked to a particular territorial area. But nationalists hold the opposite as self-evident: that the boundaries of a nation and a state should, as far as possible, coincide with only one culture within its boundaries; multi-culturalism is one of their first targets. <ref>{{cite book| last=Heywood| first=Andrew|title=Political Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Macmillan Press| location=London| year=1999| edition=2nd|pages=97–98|isbn=0-333-76091-3}}</ref> Philosopher [[A.C. Grayling]] describes nations as artificial constructs, "their boundaries drawn in the blood of past wars". He argues that "there is no country on earth which is not home to more than one different but usually coexisting culture. Cultural heritage is not the same thing as national identity".<ref>{{cite book|last=Grayling|first=A.C.|title=The Meaning of Things: Applying Philosophy to Life.|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson| location=London| year=2001| pages=78–79| isbn=0-297-60758-8}}</ref>
[[File:AmericanFries.JPG|thumbnail|A snack bar sign advertising "American" fries at [[Knott's Berry Farm]]. The sign formerly read "French".]]
 
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==See also==
{{commons category|Symbols of national identity}}
* [[Historiography and nationalism]]
* [[Imagined communities]]
* [[Nationalism and sport]]
*[[Religiocentrism]]
* [[Statism]]
* [[:Category:Nationalism by country or region|List of nationalism in countries and regions]]
* [[List of figures in nationalism]]
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* [[List of active nationalist parties in Europe]]
* [[Lists of active separatist movements]]
 
== Notes ==
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==References==
* {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Benedict|title=Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism |year=1983 |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=0-86091-059-8 |authorlink=Benedict Anderson |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4mmoZFtCpuoC&printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Azurmendi |first=Joxe |authorlink=Joxe Azurmendi |title=Historia, arraza, nazioa. Renan eta nazionalismoaren inguruko topiko batzuk |year=2014|edition=|publisher=Elkar |location=Donostia |isbn=978-84-9027-297-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Billig |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Billig |title=Banal Nationalism |publisher=Sage |location=London |year=1995 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VV18cdwqVf4C&printsec=frontcover |isbn=0-8039-7525-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last =Delanty | editor-first =Gerard |editor2-last=Kumar |editor2-first=Krishan |editor2-link=Krishan Kumar |title=The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism |location =London |publisher=Sage Publications |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Y3zK_jyagQC&printsec=frontcover |isbn=1-4129-0101-4 |year =2006 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul James (academic) |title=Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community | url= http://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=0761950737 | year=1996 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=London |isbn=0-7619-5072-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul James (academic) |title=Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In |url= http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | year=2006 | publisher= Sage Publications |location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kymlicka |first=Will |authorlink=Will Kymlicka |title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-827949-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w5Kaqqy-W78C&printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}}▼
* {{Cite book|year=2001 |editor-last=Leoussi |editor-first =Athena S. |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |location=New Brunswick, N.J |publisher=Transaction Publishers |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9_vuJusOJkMC&pg=PA62 |isbn=0-7658-0002-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book| last= Miller| first=David |authorlink=David Miller (political theorist) |title=On Nationality |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-828047-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=naLMTURfICAC&printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}}
▲* {{Cite book|last=Kymlicka |first=Will |authorlink=Will Kymlicka |title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-827949-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w5Kaqqy-W78C&printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|year=2001| editor-link=Alexander J. Motyl|editor-last=Motyl|editor-first =Alexander|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism|volume=1|location=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-227230-7|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Louis Leo Snyder |last=Snyder |first=Louis L. |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |location=New York |publisher=Paragon House |isbn=1-55778-167-2 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=8ogYAAAAIAAJ |year =1990 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |year=1999 |editor-last =Spira |editor-first =Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Spira |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity Terminologies: An Encyclopedic Dictionary and Research Guide | publication-place =Gulf Breeze, FL |publisher=Academic International Press |url=http://www.ai-press.com/NET.html |isbn=0-87569-205-2 |ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite book |last=Breuilly |first=John |title=Nationalism and the State |year=1994|edition=2nd|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-07414-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Brubaker |first=Rogers |authorlink=Rogers Brubaker |title=Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-57224-X |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=De Benoist |first1=Alain |date=Summer 2004 |title=On Identity |journal=[[Telos]] |volume=2004 |issue=128 |url=http://journal.telospress.com/cgi/content/abstract/2004/128/9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Greenfeld|first=Liah|title=Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity |year=1992 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |isbn=0-674-60318-4 |authorlink=Liah Greenfeld|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric J. |authorlink=Eric Hobsbawm |title=Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-43961-2 |edition=2nd|ref=harv}}
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{{Nationalism}}
{{Political ideologies}}
 
[[Category:Nationalism| ]]
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