Suleiman the Magnificent: Difference between revisions

In 1553 Suleiman began his third and final campaign against the Shah. Having initially lost territories in [[Erzurum]] to the Shah's son, Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum, crossing the Upper [[Euphrates]] and laying waste to parts of Persia. The Shah's army continued its strategy of avoiding the Ottomans, leading to a stalemate from which neither army made any significant gain. In 1554, a settlement was signed which was to conclude Suleiman's Asian campaigns. It included the return of Tabriz, but secured Baghdad, lower [[Mesopotamia]], the mouths of the river Euphrates and [[Tigris]], as well as part of the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name=Kinross236>Kinross, 236.</ref> The Shah also promised to cease all raids into Ottoman territory.<ref name=bartleby795>[http://www.bartleby.com/67/795.html 1553–55]</ref>

 

{{Main|Capture of Aden (1548)|Ottoman expedition to Aceh|Indian Ocean campaigns}}

[[File:Ottoman fleet Indian Ocean 16th century.jpg|thumb|Ottoman fleet in the [[Indian Ocean]] in the 16th century.]]

In the [[Indian Ocean]], Suleiman led several naval campaigns against the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in an attempt to remove them and reestablish trade with [[India]]. [[Aden]] in [[Yemen]] was captured by the Ottomans in 1538, in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the western coast of modern [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref name="Kour">[http://books.google.com/books?id=KrsmNygcbNgC&pg=PA2 ''The history of Aden, 1839-72'' by Zaka Hanna Kour p.2]</ref> Sailing on to India, the Ottomans failed against the Portuguese at the [[Siege of Diu]] in September 1538, but then returned to Aden where they fortified the city with 100 pieces of artillery.<ref name="Kour"/><ref>''An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire'' by Halil İnalcik p.326 [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ovg_RQlklU4C&pg=PA326]</ref> From this base, Sulayman Pasha managed to take control of the whole country of Yemen, also taking Sa'na.<ref name="Kour"/> Aden rose against the Ottomans however and invited the Portuguese instead, so that the Portuguese were in control of the city until its seizure by [[Piri Reis]] in the [[Capture of Aden (1548)]].