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In the year 1659, [[Shivaji]] began to annex territories of the [[Mughal Empire]], in the year that followed the [[Mughal Emperor]] Aurangzeb, dispatched his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]] to subdue the [[Maratha]] threat. [[Shaista Khan]] and his [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces quickly occupied [[Puna]] and after four months of siege they captured [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[cavalry]] routed the remaining [[Maratha]]s in the countryside. In the night of April 5, 1663, the Marathas led by Shivaji attacked [[Shaista Khan]]'s encampment at [[Puna]], and although the viceroy escaped, his son was killed, he was then recalled by the [[Mughal Emperor]] Aurangzeb.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mughal+empire&hl=en&ei=jS7ITsPxBMa2hAfhy83xDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mughal%20empire&f=false</ref>
 
In January 1664, Shivaji led 4,000 Maratha soldiers to [[Battle of Surat|raid Surat]], the most important Mughal imperial port. The Mughal [[faujdar]] Inayat Khan and the 5000 soldiers in his command deserted the city and fled to the safety of the fort.<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&lpg=PA544&dq=inayat%20khan%20surat%20fled&pg=PA544#v=onepage&q=inayat%20khan%20surat%20fled&f=false Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India] by JL Mehta, Page 544-545</ref> the Marathas then sacked the city, and looted the wealth from trading centers and houses belonging to rich merchants such as [[Virji Vora]].<ref name="BGGokhale_1979">{{cite book | title = Surat In The Seventeenth Century | author = Balkrishna Govind Gokhale | publisher = Popular Prakashan | year = 1979 | isbn = 9788171542208 | page = 25 | chapter = VII. The Merchant Prince Virji Vora | url = http://books.google.co.in/books?id=frbYo91TuV4C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=Mohandas+Parekh+charitable&source=bl&ots=5iPkA_2ltw&sig=IAQtLz4zuoTwsW2_jZQh84AYnUQ&hl=en&ei=eY_PTrz6K8vjrAfwso3MDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Mohandas%20Parekh%20charitable&f=false | accessdate = 2011-11-25 }}</ref> Only the well organized [[United Kingdom|British]] led by [[George Oxenden]] and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] survived the onslaught, but the city itself never recovered. The enraged [[Mughal Emperor]] Aurangzeb then sent Dilir Khan and [[Jai Singh I|Raja Jai Singh]], with his son, [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Muazzam]], to the [[Deccan]]. Before the arrival of the imperial forces [[Shivaji]] is even known to have presented the head of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] and the fingers of [[Shaista Khan]] to his mother [[Jijabai]], symbolizing victory against the [[Mughal Emperor]] Aurangzeb.<ref>G. S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas (Bombay, 1958), II, 166–67.</ref>
 
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] commanders forced [[Shivaji]] to sue for peace after initiating the two month [[Purandar fort|Siege of Purandhar]], he also surrendered twenty three fortresses and the territories that he had annexed. In 1666 he attended the court at [[Agra]], but insulted at being given the rank of [[Mansabdar]] of only five thousand horsemen, he made his displeasure public. He was kept under surveillance, but he escaped and reached [[Puna]]. On his return Shivaji formally assumed the title of [[Maharaja]] and for the next four plundered a vast territory in the Deccan spanning from [[Khandesh]] to [[Kanara]]. The Mughals continuously pursued and engaged the raiders but with mixed success and in response Aurangzeb, ordered the armament of the [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad Fort]] with two [[Bombard (weapon)|bombard]]s, the fort itself was utilized as a Mughal bastion.<ref>Z. Faruki, Aurangzeb and His Times (Bombay, 1935), p. 117.</ref>
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